01 Pages : 1-12
http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).01 10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).01 Published : Dec 2022Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies
Religion remains a significant source of intolerance, discrimination, and marginalization all across the world, despite efforts to eradicate it. In recent times, religious activities have fostered fear, suspicion, and other bad sentiments among their respective believers, rather than fostering unity and mutual tolerance. In the media, there is a common refrain claiming Islam is the cause of a string of terrorist incidents. Resultantly, various governments are anxious about and mistrust of Muslims (Islamophobia), and on the other side, a western phobia is on the increase. This paper systematically reviews the aspects of Islamophobia and western phobia that have repercussions for peace in the world and peaceful coexistence. According to the findings of the study, an increase in Islamophobic attacks and religious intolerance around the world has presented a grave risk to global concord and unity.
-
Islamophobia, Anti-Westernization, Islamophobia symptoms, Hate Speech, Hostility
-
(1) Samza Fatima
Associate Professor of Law / Principal, University Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Syed Kaleem Imam
Former Secretary, Narcotics Control Division, Former Inspector General Police, Pakistan.
(3) Mohsin Raza
PhD Scholar, University Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Abadi, H. (2018). The Carter Centre works to understand and counter the rise of Islamophobia. In Countering the Islamophobia industry toward more effective strategies: symposium report and analysis (pp. 5-7). Atlanta, GA: The Carter Centre.
- Abdulhadi, R. I. (2018). The Islamophobia and Israel lobby industries: overlapping interconnection and antiracist policy recommendations. In Countering the Islamophobia industry toward more effective strategies: symposium report and analysis (pp. 14-22). Atlanta, GA: The Carter Centre.
- Abu-Hilaleh, Y. (1998). Contemporary Western Media and its Influence on the Islamic Nation. Amman: New Message Printing House.
- Alan, J. (2011, March 6). The idea of ‘Islamophobia’. World Affairs. http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/alan-johnson/idea-Islamophobia
- Al-Azzawi., & Idham, M. (2010). "The Image of Islam in the West: Thinking Defaults and Justification Motivations". Arab Affairs.
- Al-Dabbagh, M. (1998). Islamophobia. Amman: Al-Furqan Printing House.
- Al-Hamidi., & Mohammad, Al-H. (2006)." Misconceptions on Arabs in the Western media and the strategy for correction" A paper presented to the symposium on the role of security media in correcting misconceptions. Riyadh.
- Al-Hiyali., & Ra'ad, K. (1996). Why this War against the Islamic World? Baghdad: Al- Khansa' Printing House.
- Al-Khatib, M. (2001). Islamic Rage: Deconstruction of Violence: A Critical Study). Damascus: Dar Al-Fikr.
- Al-Khatib, M. (2008). The phenomenon of hatred to Islam: roots and solutions. Our Culture for Research and Studies. 5(17).
- Al-Mabruk, & Mohammad, I. (2002). Islam and the American West: between the inevitability of clash and possibility of dialogue. Cairo: Arab Civilization Centre.
- Al-Qaradawi, Y. (1987). Islamic awakening between rejection and extremism. International Institute of Islamic Thought.
- Al-Saifi, & Hasan, N. (2010). Western Media and the Image of Islam and Muslims. Cairo: Itrak Printing House.
- Al-Sayyed, R. (2005). Struggle for Islam. Beirut: Dar Al-Kitab AlArabi.
- Alshammari, D. (2013). “Islamophobiaâ€. International Journal of Humanities and Sosial Science, 3(15), 177-180. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_15_August_2013/20.pdf
- Ameli, S. R.(2002). Gobalization, Americanization and British Muslim Identity. London: ICAS Press.
- Ameli, S. R., Elahi, M., & Merali, A. (2004). British Muslims’ Expectations of Government: Social Discrimination: Across The Muslim Divide. London: Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC).
- Amnesty International. (2017, June 28). In India: hate crimes against Muslims and rising Islamophobia must be condemned. https://www.amnesty.nl/actueel/india-hate-crimes-against-muslims-and-risingIslamophobia-must-be-condemned
- Anonim. (2009). “Daftar Serangan Bom di Indonesiaâ€.
- Bazian, H. (2015). “Islamophobia and The Three Evils of Society.†Islamophobia Studies Journal. 3(1), 158+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A483931281/AONE?u=anon~d134c75a&sid=googleScholar&xid=51c25708
- Benn, T., & Jawad, H. A. (2003). Muslim women in the United Kingdom and beyond: experiences and images. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
- Bleich, E. (2011). What is Islamophobia and how much is there? theorising and measuring an emerging comparative concept. American
- Cipriani, L. (2019). Islamophobia in Europe. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/e xplainers/Islamophobia-europe
- Crush, J. (2015). Global Migration. International Encyclopedia of the Social &Amp; Behavioral Sciences, 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.72113-1
- European Commission. (2019, June 18). Combating antiMuslim hatred. https://ec.europa.eu/ newsroom/just/item-detail.cfm?item_id=50085
- Frost, D. (2008). Islamophobia: examining causal links between the media and “race hate†from “below.†International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330810915251
- Ghani, N. (2018). The Rise of Islamophobia in the United States: Patterns, Perpetrators, and Reactions. American International Journal of Contemporary Research. https://doi.org/10.30845/aijcr.v8n4p1
- Hassan, A. (2000). "The call for Islam: stereotype images of Islam in the Western media." Qira'aat. 4(2).
- Hinch, T. (2004). Imagined East: The Western Vision to the Mediterranean East. Translated into Arabic by Ghazi Bro and Khalil Khalil. Beirut: Al-Farabi Pringting House.
- Lewis, B. (2003). Islam in History: Ideas, People and Events in the Middle East. Translated into Arabic by Midhat Taha. Cairo.
- Moordiningsih. (2004). “Islamophobia dan Strategi Mengatasinyaâ€. Buletin Psikologi
Cite this article
-
APA : Fatima, S., Imam, S. K., & Raza, M. (2022). Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies. Global International Relations Review, V(IV), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).01
-
CHICAGO : Fatima, Samza, Syed Kaleem Imam, and Mohsin Raza. 2022. "Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies." Global International Relations Review, V (IV): 1-12 doi: 10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).01
-
HARVARD : FATIMA, S., IMAM, S. K. & RAZA, M. 2022. Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies. Global International Relations Review, V, 1-12.
-
MHRA : Fatima, Samza, Syed Kaleem Imam, and Mohsin Raza. 2022. "Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies." Global International Relations Review, V: 1-12
-
MLA : Fatima, Samza, Syed Kaleem Imam, and Mohsin Raza. "Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies." Global International Relations Review, V.IV (2022): 1-12 Print.
-
OXFORD : Fatima, Samza, Imam, Syed Kaleem, and Raza, Mohsin (2022), "Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies", Global International Relations Review, V (IV), 1-12
-
TURABIAN : Fatima, Samza, Syed Kaleem Imam, and Mohsin Raza. "Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies." Global International Relations Review V, no. IV (2022): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(V-IV).01